CURRICULUM VITAE
IAIN D. BOYD
Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Cornell University
246 Upson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853.
Tel. (607) 255-4563, Fax (607) 255-1222
E-Mail: boyd@mae.cornell.edu
EDUCATION
12/88 Ph. D. in Aeronautics and Astronautics,
University of Southampton, England7/85 B. Sc. (with honours) in Mathematics,
University of Southampton, England
HONORS AND AWARDS
9/97 Cornell Engineering College Teaching Award
7/97 AIAA Electric Propulsion Best Paper Award
1/98 AIAA Lawrence Sperry Award
EMPLOYMENT HISTORY
11/95 - present Associate Professor
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.1/93 - 10/95 Assistant Professor
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.1/89 - 12/92 Research Scientist
Eloret Institute, NASA Ames Research Center,
Moffett Field, CA 94035.
EXTERNAL PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES
A. Reviewing and Journal Editorships
Associate Editor of Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets
Reviewer for Journal of Fluid Mechanics
Reviewer for Physics of Fluids
Reviewer for Journal of Computational Physics
Reviewer for AIAA Journal
Reviewer for Journal of Physics
Reviewer for Journal of Propulsion and Power
Reviewer for Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer
Reviewer for Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems
Reviewer for Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A
Reviewer for Journal of Electrochemical Society
Reviewer for National Science Foundation
B. Technical Committee Activities
Member of the International Advisory Committee on Rarefied Gas Dynamics
Member of the AGARD sub-committee on Hypersonic Rarefied Flows
Session chairman at AIAA Thermophysics and Aerospace Sciences Conferences
C. Membership of Professional Societies
American Physical Society (APS)
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)
RESEARCH SUPPORT
- Title: Hypervelocity Air Flows With Finite-Rate Chemistry
Sponsor: Air Force Office of Scientific Research (collaboration with USC)- Title: Simulation of Nonequilibrium Aerothermochemistry Using
Continuum and Particle Methods
Sponsor: Army Research Office (collaboration with U. Minnesota)- Title: Particle Simulation of Spacecraft Glow
Sponsor: AASERT, Ballistic Missile Defense Organization- Title: Simulation of Nonequilibrium Radiation in Low Density Flows
Sponsor: Air Force Office of Scientific Research- Title: Influence of Gas-Surface Interaction on Bow-Shock Radiation
Sponsor: AASERT, Ballistic Missile Defense Organization
- Title: Numerical Modeling of Low-Density Plumes Using a Monte
Carlo Technique
Sponsor: NASA Lewis Research Center- Title: Prediction of Plume Contmaination on the X-33
Sponsor: NASA Lewis Research Center
- Title: Development of a Novel Thin Film Deposition Process
Sponsor: NSF (collaboration with School of Chemical Engineering)- Title: Monte Carlo Modeling of Vapor Deposition Processes
Sponsor: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory- Title: Modeling Hydrogen Arcjets for Thin Film Deposition
Sponsor: AASERT, Air Force Office of Scientific Research
PRESENTATIONS AND PUBLICATIONS
"Monte Carlo Simulation of Nonequilibrium Flow in Low Power Hydrogen Arcjets,"
AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, June 1996."Direct Simulation of Ultra-Violet Emission From the Hydroxyl Radical," AIAA
Thermophysics Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, June 1997."Currents Strengths and Limitations of the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Method,"
Workshop on Mathematical Methods for Kinetics Problems, Berlin, Germany, September
1997."Parallel Monte Carlo Modeling of a Plasma Etch Reactor," 50th Gaseous Electronics
Conference, Madison, Wisconsin, October 1997.
1. Boyd, I.D. and Stark, J.P.W., "A Comparison of the Implementation and Performance
of the Nanbu and Bird Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Methods," Physics of Fluids,
Vol. 30 (12), 1987, pp. 3661-3668.2. Boyd, I.D. and Stark, J.P.W., "On the Use of the Modified Nanbu Direct Simulation
Scheme," Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 80 (2), 1989, pp. 374-386.3. Boyd, I.D., "Monte Carlo Simulation of an Expanding Gas," Computers in Physics,
Vol. 3 (3), 1989, pp. 73-76.4. Boyd, I.D. and Stark, J.P.W., "Modification of the Simons Model for Calculation of
Nonradial Expansion Plumes," Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Progress in Astronautics and
Aeronautics, Vol. 116, 1989, pp. 327-339.5. Boyd, I.D. and Stark, J.P.W., "Statistical Fluctuations in Monte Carlo Calculations,"
Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol. 118, 1989, pp.
245-257.6. Boyd, I.D. and Stark, J.P.W., "Assessment of Impingement Effects in the Isentropic
Core of a Small Satellite Control Thruster Plume," Proceedings of the Institution of
Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 203, 1989, pp. 97-103.7. Boyd, I.D., "Analytical Modelling of Nonradial Expansion Plumes," AIAA Journal,
Vol. 28 (2), 1990, pp. 369-370.8. Boyd, I.D., "Rotational-Translational Energy Transfer in Rarefied Nonequilibrium
Flows," Physics of Fluids A, Vol. 2 (3), 1990, pp. 447-452.9. Boyd, I.D. and Stark, J.P.W., "Modelling of a Small Hydrazine Thruster Plume in the
Transition Flow Regime," Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 6, 1990, pp. 121-126.10. Boyd, I.D. and Stark, J.P.W., "Direct Simulation of Chemical Reactions," Journal of
Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 4 (3), 1990, pp. 391-393.11. Boyd, I.D., "Analysis of Rotational Nonequilibrium in Standing Shock Waves of
Nitrogen," AIAA Journal, Vol. 28 (11), 1990, pp. 1997-1999.12. Boyd, I.D., "Rotational and Vibrational Nonequilibrium Effects in Rarefied
Hypersonic Flow," Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 4 (4), 1990, pp.
478-484.13. Boyd, I.D., "Monte Carlo Study of Vibrational Relaxation Processes," Rarefied Gas
Dynamics, Edited by A.E. Beylich, VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 1991, pp. 792-799.14. Feiereisen, W.J., and Boyd, I.D., "An Assessment of Shuffle Algorithm Collision
Mechanics for Particle Simulations," Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Edited by A.E. Beylich,
VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 1991, pp. 921-928.15. Boyd, I.D., "Analysis of Vibrational-Translational Energy Transfer Using the Direct
Simulation Monte Carlo Method," Physics of Fluids A, Vol. 3 (7), 1991, pp. 1785-1791.16. Boyd, I.D. and Stark, J.P.W., "Analysis of Nozzle Lip and Backflow Expansion of a
Small Hydrazine Thruster," Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 7 (4), 1991, pp. 531-
537.17. Lumpkin, F.E., Haas, B.L., and Boyd, I.D., "Resolution of Differences Between
Collision Number Definitions in Particle and Continuum Simulations," Physics of Fluids
A, Vol. 3 (9), 1991, pp. 2282-2284.18. Boyd, I.D., "Vectorization of a Monte Carlo Simulation Scheme for Nonequilibrium
Gas Dynamics," Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 96, 1991, pp. 411-427.19. Boyd, I.D., "Analysis of Vibration-Dissociation-Recombination Processes Behind
Strong Shock Waves of Nitrogen," Physics of Fluids A, Vol. 4 (1), 1992, pp. 178-185.20. Boyd, I.D., Penko, P.F., Meissner, D.L. and DeWitt, K.J., "Experimental and
Numerical Investigations of Low-Density Nozzle and Plume Flows of Nitrogen," AIAA
Journal, Vol. 30 (10), 1992, pp. 2453-2461.21. Boyd, I.D., "Temperature-Dependence of Rotational Relaxation in Shock-Waves of
Nitrogen," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 246, 1993, pp. 343-360.22. Haas, B.L. and Boyd, I.D., "Models for Direct Monte Carlo Simulation of Coupled
Vibration-Dissociation," Physics of Fluids A, Vol. 5, 1993, pp. 478-489.23. Penko, P.F., Boyd, I.D., Meissner, D.L., and DeWitt, K.J., "Analysis and
Measurement of a Small Nozzle Plume in Vacuum," Journal of Propulsion and Power,
Vol. 9, 1993, pp. 646-648.24. Boyd, I.D., and Gokcen, T., "Evaluation of Thermochemical Models for Particle and
Continuum Simulations of Hypersonic Flow," Journal of Thermophysics and Heat
Transfer, Vol. 7, 1993, pp. 406-411.25. Boyd, I.D., "Relaxation of Discrete Rotational Energy Distributions Using a Monte
Carlo Method," Physics of Fluids A, Vol. 5, 1993, pp. 2278-2286.26. Boyd, I.D. and Kubischta, W., "Simulation of Gas Dynamics in Atomic Beams Using
a Monte Carlo Particle Method," in Polarized Ion Sources and Polarized Gas Targets,
AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 293, AIP, New York, 1994, pp. 44-49.27. Boyd, I.D., Jafry, Y., Vanden Beukel, J., "Particle Simulation of Helium
Microthruster Flows," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 31, 1994, pp. 271-277.28. Boyd, I.D., Pham-Van-Diep, G.C., and Muntz, E.P., "Monte Carlo Computation of
Nonequilibrium Flow in a Hypersonic Iodine Windtunnel," AIAA Journal, Vol. 32, 1994,
pp. 964-970.29. Bergemann, F. and Boyd, I.D., "New Discrete Vibrational Energy Method for the
Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Method," Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Progress in
Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol. 158, 1994, pp. 174-183.30. Boyd, I.D., "Particle Simulation of Vibrational Relaxation," Rarefied Gas Dynamics,
Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol. 159, 1994, pp. 78-86.31. Boyd, I.D., Jafry, Y., Vanden Beukel, J., "Investigation of Nozzle and Plume Flows
of a Small Helium Thruster," Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Progress in Astronautics and
Aeronautics, Vol. 160, 1994, pp. 136-143.32. Boyd, I.D. and Gokcen, T., "Computation of Axisymmetric and Ionized Hypersonic
Flows Using Particle and Continuum Methods," AIAA Journal, Vol. 32, 1994, pp. 1828-
1837.33. Boyd, I.D., Beattie, D.R., and Cappelli, M.A., "Numerical and Experimental
Investigations of Low-Density Supersonic Jets of Hydrogen," Journal of Fluid
Mechanics, Vol. 280, 1994, pp. 41-67.34. Candler, G.V, Nijhawan, S., Bose, D., and Boyd, I.D., "A Multiple Translational
Temperature Gas Dynamics Model," Physics of Fluids, Vol. 6, 1994, pp. 3776-3786.35. Boyd, I.D., Chen. G., and Candler, G.V., "Predicting Failure of the Continuum Fluid
Equations in Transitional Hypersonic Flows," Physics of Fluids, Vol. 7, 1995, pp. 210-
219.36. Boyd, I.D., Candler, G.V., and Levin, D.A., "Dissociation Modeling in Low Density
Hypersonic Flows of Air," Physics of Fluids, Vol. 7, 1995, pp. 1757-1763.37. Dietrich, S. and Boyd, I.D., "Loadbalancing for the DSMC Method in a Parallel
Implementation," Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Oxford, 1995, pp. 794-800.38. Kannenberg, K.C. and Boyd, I.D., "Monte Carlo Computation of Rarefied Supersonic
Flow Into a Pitot Probe," AIAA Journal, Vol. 34, 1996, pp. 83-88.39. Dietrich, S. and Boyd, I.D., "Scalar and Parallel Optimized Implementation of the
Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Method," Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 126,
1996, pp. 328-342.40. Boyd, I.D., "A Threshold Line Dissociation Model for the Direct Simulation Monte
Carlo Method," Physics of Fluids , Vol. 8, 1996, pp. 1293-1300.41. Chen, G. and Boyd, I.D., "Statistical Error Analysis for the Direct Simulation Monte
Carlo Method," Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 126, 1996, pp. 434-448.42. Boyd, I.D., "Conservative Species Weighting Scheme for the Direct Simulation
Monte Carlo Method," Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 10, 1996, pp.
579-585.43. Boyd, I.D., VanGilder, D.B., and Beiting, E.J., "Numerical and Experimental
Investigations of Rarefied Flow in a Small Nozzle," AIAA Journal, Vol. 34, 1996, pp.
2320-2326.44. Font, G.I. and Boyd, I.D., "Numerical Study of Reactor Geometry Effects on a
Chlorine Plasma Helicon Etch Reactor," Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A,
Vol. 15, 1997, pp. 313-319.45. Boyd, I.D., Bose, D., and Candler, G.V., "Monte Carlo Modeling of Nitric Oxide
Formation Based on Quasi-Classical Trajectory Calculations," Physics of Fluids, Vol. 9,
1997, pp. 1162-1170.46. Boyd, I.D., "Monte Carlo Simulation of Nonequilibrium Flow in Low Power
Hydrogen Arcjets," Physics of Fluids., Vol. 9, 1997, pp. 3086-3095.47. Chen, G. and Boyd, I.D., "Monte Carlo Simulation of Thin Film Deposition Using
Supersonic Molecular Beams," Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on
Rarefied Gas Dynamics, 1997, p. 573.48. Levin, D.A., Boyd, I.D., and Kossi, K.K., "Ultraviolet Radiation From the Hydroxyl
Radical: A Diagnostic in Rarefied Flow," Proceedings of the 20th International
Symposium on Rarefied Gas Dynamics, 1997, p. 651.49. Font, G.I. and Boyd, I.D., "Effect of Nozzle Location on the Plasma Flow Field of a
Chlorine Etch Reactor," Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Rarefied
Gas Dynamics, 1997, p. 793.50. Font, G.I. and Boyd, I.D., "DSMC-PIC Simulation of a Helicon Plasma Etch Reactor
and Comparison With Experiments," in Process Control, Diagnostics, and Modeling in
Semiconductor Manufacturing, Electrochemical Society, 1997, p. 275.51. Boyd, I.D., "Extensive Validation of a Monte Carlo Model for Hydrogen Arcjet Flow
Fields," Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 13, 1997, pp. 775-782.52. Karipides, D.P., Boyd, I.D., and Caledonia, G.E., "Development of a Monte Carlo
Overlay Method With Application to Spacecraft Glow," Journal of Thermophysics and
Heat Transfer, Vol. 12, 1998, pp. 30-37.53. Boyd, I.D., Phillips, W.D., and Levin, D.A., "Sensitivity Studies for Prediction of
Ultra-Violet Radiation in Nonequilibrium Hypersonic Bow-Shock Waves," Journal of
Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 12, 1998, pp. 38-44.54. Chen, G., Boyd, I.D., Roadman, S., and Engstrom J.R., "Monte Carlo Simulation of
Hyperthermal Deposition of Silicon," to appear in Journal of Vacuum Science and
Technology A..55. Kossi, K.K., Boyd, I.D., and Levin, D.A., "Direct Simulation of Ultra-Violet
Emission From the Hydroxyl Radical," to appear in Journal of Thermophysics and Heat
Transfer.56. Font, G.I. and Boyd, I.D., "Effect of Surface Reconbination in a Helicon Etch
Reactor," submitted to Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A.57. Boyd, I.D., VanGilder, D.B., and Liu, X., "Monte Carlo Simulations of Neutral
Xenon Flow of Electric Proplusion Devices," submitted to Journal of Propulsion and
Power
STATEMENT OF RESEARCH INTERESTS
The research interests of Professor Boyd concern computer
simulation of nonequilibrium
thermodynamics in gas flows using a Monte Carlo particle method.
His work considers
all aspects of simulation: development of physical models,
development of numerical
algorithms, and application to real engineering problems. A key
component of these
numerical studies is the ability to interact with colleagues
performing experimental
measurements on the systems of interest. Currently, Professor
Boyd's group is
conducting this type of collaborative research with colleagues at
Cornell University
(Chemical Engineering and the Laboratory for Plasma Studies),
Stanford University,
University of Southern California, NASA Lewis Research Center,
CALSPAN, Physical
Sciences Inc, the Aerospace Corporation, Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory,
Sandia National Laboratory, and Plasma Materials &
Technology, Inc..
Nonequilibrium occurs at low density, or when the
characteristic length scale of the flow
is extremely small. The appropriate numerical technique to
simulate these flows is the
direct simulation Monte Carlo method (DSMC). This method employs
model particles
that move through physical space undergoing intermolecular
collisions that are calculated
using a statistical approach. In our research at Cornell, we have
developed a very efficient
implementation of the DSMC technique for parallel computers. This
algorithm was
employed to perform the largest DSMC computation ever reported in
the literature that
used 100 million particles on 400 nodes of an IBM SP-2 computer.
Professor Boyd has
contributed to development of both DSMC physical models and
algorithms, and has
demonstrated the capabilities of the method in a number of
applications. As outlined
below, his current and future research will continue these
developments in the application
areas of high-speed-rarefied fluid mechanics, spacecraft
propulsion, and materials
processing.
High-Speed, Rarefied Fluid Mechanics
The research group of Professor Boyd has a significant effort
in the simulation of low-
density hypersonic flows. The work is motivated by the desire to
identify and track
hostile missiles through emissions radiated by the shock-wave in
front of the missile or
by interaction of the missile rocket plume with the ambient
atmosphere. We have made
substantial progress in modeling the fluid mechanics, chemistry,
and radiation associated
with these flows. These advances have been greatly leveraged by
the availability of flight
data. We are presently in the process of trying to persuade NASA
and BMDO to fund a
further flight at higher energy conditions. The interest of NASA
revolves around the
need to develop confidence in numerical prediction of
aero-braking and aero-capture
technology for planetary exploration of Mars and Neptune. In
addition to becoming
involved in simulations of aero-braking flows, future research in
this area will focus on
direct simulation of optically thick radiation processes using a
Monte Carlo approach.
A second fluid mechanics application of interest for the
future is the modeling of flows in
Micro-Electrical-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS). In contrast to most
of our other DSMC
applications, MEMS flows are characterized by low-speed and high
pressure at very
small characteristic length scales. These different conditions
require development of the
DSMC technique in terms of reducing convergence times and
statistical fluctuations.
Professor Boyd is primarily interested in MEMS applications
involving chemical
processes such as very small rockets to be used for control of
small satellites.
Spacecraft Propulsion
There are two important issues for propulsion systems used on
spacecraft: (1)
improvement in the efficiency of the propulsion system; and (2)
prediction of interaction
between the propulsion system and the host spacecraft. The
research of Professor Boyd
has made progress in both of these areas for small chemical
rockets, resisto-jets, and arc-
jets. Current studies are considering the modeling of ion and
stationary plasma thrusters.
These latter devices are relatively uninteresting from the
standpoint of nonequilibrium
fluid mechanics. In the future, therefore, we will consider
modeling of lithium magneto-
plasma-dynamic thrusters and nuclear-electric propulsion devices.
These thrusters are
being considered by NASA for deep-space exploration.
We are also currently involved in the prediction of
contamination effects from control
thrusters employed on the X-33 reusable launch vehicle of
Lockheed-Martin.
Specifically, there is a need for prediction of fluxes of atomic
hydrogen onto the thermal
protection system at altitudes ranging from sea-level to 250,000
ft. This is broadening
our research activities into the use of traditional computational
fluid dynamics (CFD)
with finite rates of thermochemical relaxation coupled to the
Navier-Stokes equations.
An interesting area for future research will concern coupling of
the CFD and Monte Carlo
methods for this type of application.
Materials Processing
The synthesis and processing of thin films is a key enabling
technology in a number of
applications areas. Many of these processes involve low-density
gas flows often
including a plasma. Development of accurate numerical techniques
to simulate these
conditions is a strong requirement if process manufacturers are
to keep up with the ever
increasing requirements for greater control and accuracy of
manufacturing.
Low-density, supersonic molecular beams are proposed for
deposition of thin films of
silicon-based materials on plastic substrates that will be
required for portable, mobile
communication products of the future. The beam forms through
rapid expansion of the
gas; this creates a number of nonequilibrium phenomena such as
species separation and
velocity-slip. These processes are being modeled in a current
project in a combined
investigation that includes experimental studies in Chemical
Engineering at Cornell.
A further project involves modeling a plasma reactor used for
etching of semi-conductor
materials. In these devices, a plasma is created that dissociates
and ionizes chlorine
molecules to produce chlorine ions that are efficient etchers of
silicon. Simulation of this
complex physical system represents a major challenge. We are also
interested in
simulation of low-density vapor deposition processes involving
physical and geometric
complexity. We are about to start a new project with Lawrence
Livermore involving
deposition of a high-temperature superconducting material. In the
future, Professor Boyd
is interested in application of the modeling expertise gained in
electric propulsion to
permit numerical simulation of additional processing systems. One
example concerns the
use of arc-jets to deposit thin films such as diamond, boron
nitride, and silicon carbide.